Ma elastomer a polyurethane ndi gulu lofunika kwambiri la zipangizo za polima zogwira ntchito kwambiri. Ndi makhalidwe awo apadera komanso a mankhwala komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, ali ndi udindo wofunikira m'makampani amakono. Zipangizozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri opanga zinthu zapamwamba, monga ndege, magalimoto apamwamba, makina olondola, zida zamagetsi ndi zida zamankhwala, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, kukana kuwonongeka, kukana dzimbiri komanso kusinthasintha kwa ntchito. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso kusintha kosalekeza kwa zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa zinthu mumakampani opanga, kapangidwe ka ma elastomer a polyurethane kogwira ntchito kwambiri kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza phindu lawo logwiritsidwa ntchito. Mumakampani opanga zinthu zapamwamba, zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zikukulirakulira. Monga chipangizo chogwira ntchito kwambiri, kapangidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane kuyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo inayake yaukadaulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane popanga zinthu zapamwamba kumakumananso ndi zovuta zambiri, kuphatikiza kuwongolera ndalama, kukhazikitsa zaukadaulo komanso kuvomerezedwa pamsika. Komabe, ndi zabwino zake pakugwira ntchito, ma elastomer a polyurethane achita gawo lofunikira pakukweza magwiridwe antchito ndi mpikisano wazinthu zopangira. Kudzera mu kafukufuku wozama pa magawo ogwiritsira ntchito awa, zitha kupereka chithandizo champhamvu pakupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi kukulitsa mapulogalamu.

 

Kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka polyurethane elastomers

 

Kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi zofunikira pakugwira ntchito

Ma elastomer a polyurethane ndi gulu la zinthu zopangidwa ndi polima zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: polyether ndi isocyanate. Kusankhidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawozi kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zomaliza. Polyether nthawi zambiri ndiye gawo lalikulu lofewa la polyurethane elastomers. Kapangidwe kake ka molekyulu kali ndi magulu a polyol, omwe angapereke kusinthasintha kwabwino komanso kusinthasintha. Isocyanate, monga gawo lalikulu la gawo lolimba, imayang'anira kuchitapo kanthu ndi polyether kuti ipange unyolo wa polyurethane, kukulitsa mphamvu ndi kukana kuvala kwa zinthuzo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma polyether ndi isocyanate ili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Chifukwa chake, popanga ma polyether a polyurethane, ndikofunikira kusankha ndikugawa moyenera zigawozi malinga ndi zofunikira zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mukwaniritse zizindikiro zoyenera zogwirira ntchito. Ponena za zofunikira zogwirira ntchito, ma polyurethane elastomer ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe angapo ofunikira: kukana kuvala, kusinthasintha, kukana kukalamba, ndi zina zotero. Kukana kuvala kumatanthauza kugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kwa zinthuzo pansi pa kukangana ndi kuvala. Makamaka ikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe zinthu zimawonongeka kwambiri, monga makina oimika magalimoto ndi zida zamafakitale, kukana kuvala bwino kumatha kukulitsa moyo wa chinthucho. Kutanuka ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za polyurethane elastomers. Zimatsimikiza ngati chinthucho chingabwerere msanga ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira panthawi yosintha ndi kuchira. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zomatira ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi. Anti-kukalamba imatanthauza kuthekera kwa chinthucho kusunga magwiridwe ake pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kuwonetsedwa kumadera ovuta (monga kuwala kwa ultraviolet, chinyezi, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi zina zotero), kuonetsetsa kuti chinthucho chikugwira ntchito bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.

 

Njira Zowongolera Kapangidwe

Kapangidwe kabwino ka polyurethane elastomers ndi njira yovuta komanso yovuta yomwe imafuna kuganizira mozama njira zingapo zowongolera mapangidwe. Kukonza kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito azinthu. Mwa kusintha kapangidwe ka unyolo wa mamolekyulu a polyurethane, monga kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana, mphamvu ya makina ndi kukana kuvala kwazinthu zitha kuwongoleredwa kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana kumathandiza kuti kapangidwe ka netiweki kokhazikika kapangidwe pakati pa unyolo wa mamolekyulu azinthuzo, motero kumawonjezera mphamvu zake zonse komanso kulimba. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito ma polyisocyanate reactants kapena kuyambitsa othandizira olumikizana, kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana kumatha kukulitsidwa bwino ndipo magwiridwe antchito azinthuzo amatha kukonzedwanso. Kukonzanso kwa chiŵerengero cha zigawo ndikofunikiranso. Chiŵerengero cha polyether ndi isocyanate chimakhudza mwachindunji kulimba, kuuma ndi kukana kuvala kwazinthuzo. Kawirikawiri, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa isocyanate kumatha kuwonjezera kuuma ndi kukana kuvala kwazinthuzo, koma kungachepetse kulimba kwake. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusintha molondola chiŵerengero cha ziwirizi malinga ndi zofunikira zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito kuti mukwaniritse bwino magwiridwe antchito. Kuwonjezera pa kukonza bwino kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu ndi chiŵerengero cha zigawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera ndi zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kumakhudzanso kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zinthu. Zinthu zina monga nano-silicon ndi nano-carbon, zimatha kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a polyurethane elastomers. Zinthu zina zimawongolera mphamvu zamakina komanso kukana chilengedwe kwa zinthu mwa kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo, kukana kuvala komanso kukana kukalamba.

 

 

Kupititsa patsogolo njira yokonzekera

Kupititsa patsogolo njira yokonzekera ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yowonjezerera magwiridwe antchito a ma elastomer a polyurethane. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wopanga ma polymer kwakhudza kwambiri kukonzekera ma elastomer a polyurethane. Njira zamakono zopangira ma polymer, monga reaction injection molding (RIM) ndi high-pressure polymerization technology, zimatha kulamulira bwino kwambiri panthawi yopanga, motero kukonza kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu ndi magwiridwe antchito a zinthuzo. Reaction injection molding ingathandize kwambiri kupanga bwino ndikupanga kufanana kwa zinthu komanso kusinthasintha bwino panthawi yopanga pomanga posakaniza mwachangu polyether ndi isocyanate pansi pa kuthamanga kwakukulu ndikuzilowetsa mu nkhungu. High-pressure polymerization ingathandize kukulitsa kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya zinthuzo ndikuwonjezera kukana kwake kukalamba komanso kukana kukalamba pochita polymerization incence. Ukadaulo wabwino wopanga ndi kukonza zinthu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito a polyurethane elastomer. Njira zachikhalidwe zopangira ma hot press zasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wopanga ma injection ndi extrusion molding. Njira zatsopanozi sizingongowonjezera magwiridwe antchito opangira, komanso zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo ziyende bwino panthawi yopanga kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zikuyenda bwino komanso momwe zinthuzo zikuyendera. Ukadaulo wopangira jekeseni ukhoza kupanga mawonekedwe ovuta molondola ndikuchepetsa zinyalala za zinthu mwa kutentha zinthu zopangira polyurethane kukhala zosungunuka ndikuzilowetsa mu nkhungu. Ukadaulo wopangira extrusion umatenthetsa ndikukakamiza zinthu za polyurethane kutuluka mu extruder, ndikupanga mikwingwirima kapena machubu opitilira kudzera mu kuzizira ndi kuuma. Ndi yoyenera kupanga kwakukulu komanso kukonza mwamakonda.

 

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane popanga zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri

 

Zamlengalenga

Mu gawo la ndege, ma polyurethane elastomers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zigawo zingapo zofunika, monga zisindikizo ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito awo abwino kwambiri. Makampani opanga ndege ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukana kutopa, kukana dzimbiri ndi mankhwala, kukana kuvala, ndi zina zotero. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa ma polyurethane elastomers m'mbali izi kumapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri m'munda wa ndege. Mwachitsanzo, zidindo zamafuta zamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege, zisindikizo ziyenera kusunga kutseka kogwira ntchito pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika. Dongosolo lamafuta lamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri komanso zinthu zowononga. Chifukwa chake, zisindikizo siziyenera kungokhala zotsutsana ndi kutentha kwambiri, komanso kukana dzimbiri ndi mankhwala. Ma polyurethane elastomers, makamaka ma polyurethane ogwira ntchito kwambiri omwe achiritsidwa kutentha kwambiri, ali ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira malo ogwirira ntchito opitilira 300°C. Nthawi yomweyo, kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa ma polyurethane elastomers kumawathandiza kudzaza bwino malo osakhazikika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zisindikizozo zikhazikika komanso kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, zisindikizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osungira zinthu amlengalenga ndi malo osungira zinthu a NASA zimagwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane, omwe amasonyeza magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri komanso kulimba m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Chinanso ndi ma shock absorbers. Mu mlengalenga, ma shock absorbers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kugwedezeka kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi kugwedezeka pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Ma elastomer a polyurethane amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kotereku. Kusinthasintha kwawo kwabwino komanso mphamvu yabwino yoyamwa mphamvu zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuletsa ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka, motero amateteza kapangidwe ndi zida zamagetsi za mlengalenga.

 

 Makampani opanga magalimoto apamwamba kwambiri

Mu makampani opanga magalimoto apamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito ndi chitonthozo cha magalimoto. Chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake abwino kwambiri, ma polyurethane elastomers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo angapo ofunikira a magalimoto, kuphatikiza machitidwe oletsa kugwedezeka, zisindikizo, ziwalo zamkati, ndi zina zotero. Potengera ma shock absorbers mu suspension system yamagalimoto apamwamba mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers kwasintha kwambiri chitonthozo choyendetsa ndi kukhazikika kwa kayendetsedwe ka galimoto. Mu suspension system, ma polyurethane elastomers amayamwa bwino mphamvu ndi kugwedezeka pamsewu ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa thupi la galimoto kudzera mu kusinthasintha kwawo kwabwino komanso mphamvu zoyamwa kugwedezeka. Kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa zinthuzi kumatsimikizira kuti suspension system ya galimoto imatha kuyankha mwachangu pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yoyendetsera ndikupereka chidziwitso choyendetsa bwino komanso chomasuka. Makamaka m'mamodeli apamwamba apamwamba, ma shock absorbers apamwamba omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers amatha kusintha kwambiri chitonthozo choyendetsa ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira paukadaulo wapamwamba woyendetsa. M'magalimoto apamwamba, magwiridwe antchito a zisindikizo amakhudza mwachindunji kutetezedwa kwa mawu, kutetezedwa kwa kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito osalowa madzi a galimoto. Ma elastomer a polyurethane amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zisindikizo za zitseko zamagalimoto ndi mawindo, zipinda zamainjini ndi pansi pa galimoto chifukwa cha kutseka kwawo bwino komanso kukana nyengo. Opanga magalimoto apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane ngati zisindikizo za zitseko kuti awonjezere kutchinjiriza kwa phokoso la galimoto ndikuchepetsa kulowerera kwa phokoso lakunja.