Ma polyurethane elastomers ndi gulu lofunikira la zida za polima zogwira ntchito kwambiri. Ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera akuthupi ndi mankhwala komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, ali ndi udindo wofunikira m'makampani amakono. Zidazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri opanga mapangidwe apamwamba, monga ndege, magalimoto apamwamba, makina olondola, zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zipangizo zamankhwala, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo bwino, kukana kuvala, kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa processing. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito pamakampani opanga zinthu, kapangidwe kapamwamba ka polyurethane elastomers kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukweza mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito. M'makampani opanga zinthu zapamwamba, zofunikira zogwirira ntchito zazinthu zikuchulukirachulukira. Monga zida zogwirira ntchito kwambiri, kapangidwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka polyurethane elastomers kuyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zaukadaulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers pakupanga kwapamwamba kumakumananso ndi zovuta zambiri, kuphatikiza kuwongolera mtengo, kukhazikitsa luso komanso kuvomereza msika. Komabe, ndi zabwino zake zogwirira ntchito, ma polyurethane elastomers atenga gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito komanso kupikisana kwazinthu zopanga. Kupyolera mu kafukufuku wozama pazigawo zogwiritsira ntchito izi, ikhoza kupereka chithandizo champhamvu pakupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe azinthu ndi kukulitsa ntchito.

 

Mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a polyurethane elastomers

 

Kapangidwe kazinthu ndi zofunikira pakuchita

Ma polyurethane elastomers ndi gulu la zida za polima zomwe zimagwira bwino ntchito. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo ziwiri zofunika: polyether ndi isocyanate. Kusankhidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawozi kumakhudza kwambiri ntchito yomaliza. Polyether nthawi zambiri imakhala gawo lofewa la polyurethane elastomers. Mapangidwe ake a maselo ali ndi magulu a polyol, omwe angapereke kusinthasintha kwabwino komanso kusinthasintha. Isocyanate, monga gawo lalikulu la gawo lolimba, limayang'anira kuchitapo kanthu ndi polyether kupanga unyolo wa polyurethane, kukulitsa mphamvu ndi kuvala kukana kwa zinthuzo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma polyethers ndi isocyanates ali ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe akuthupi. Chifukwa chake, popanga ma polyurethane elastomers, ndikofunikira kusankha moyenerera ndikugawa zigawozi molingana ndi zofunikira zakugwiritsa ntchito kuti mukwaniritse zizindikiro zogwirira ntchito. Ponena za zofunikira zogwirira ntchito, ma polyurethane elastomers ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe angapo ofunika: kukana kuvala, kusungunuka, kukalamba, ndi zina zotero. Makamaka akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovala kwambiri, monga makina oyimitsa magalimoto ndi zida zamafakitale, kukana kovala bwino kumatha kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa mankhwalawa. Elasticity ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za polyurethane elastomers. Zimatsimikizira ngati zinthuzo zitha kubwereranso ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira panthawi yosinthika ndi kuchira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zisindikizo ndi ma shock absorbers. Kukana ukalamba kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa zinthuzo kuti zipitirizebe kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kapena kukhudzidwa ndi malo ovuta (monga cheza cha ultraviolet, chinyezi, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi zina zotero), kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zimagwira ntchito mokhazikika pazochitika zenizeni.

 

Njira Zowongolera Zopangira

Mapangidwe apamwamba a polyurethane elastomers ndi njira yovuta komanso yosakhwima yomwe imafuna kulingalira mozama za njira zingapo zowonjezeretsa mapangidwe. Kukhathamiritsa kwa kapangidwe ka maselo ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito azinthu. Posintha mawonekedwe a cell unyolo wa polyurethane, monga kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa crosslinking, mphamvu zamakina ndi kukana kwa zinthuzo zitha kusintha kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa crosslinking kumapangitsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lokhazikika la maukonde pakati pa maunyolo azinthu zakuthupi, potero kumawonjezera mphamvu zake zonse komanso kukhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito ma polyisocyanate reactants kapena kuyambitsa ma crosslinking agents, kuchuluka kwa crosslinking kumatha kuchulukidwa bwino ndipo magwiridwe antchito azinthuzo amatha kukhathamiritsa. Kukhathamiritsa kwa chiŵerengero cha zigawo ndizofunikiranso. Chiŵerengero cha polyether ndi isocyanate chimakhudza mwachindunji kusungunuka, kuuma ndi kuvala kukana kwa zinthu. Nthawi zambiri, kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa isocyanate kumatha kukulitsa kuuma komanso kuvala kwa zinthuzo, koma kumachepetsa kulimba kwake. Choncho, m'pofunika kusintha molondola chiŵerengero cha awiriwa malinga ndi zofunikira zenizeni za ntchito kuti mukwaniritse bwino ntchito. Kuphatikiza pa kukhathamiritsa kwa kapangidwe ka mamolekyu ndi chiŵerengero cha zigawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera ndi zowonjezera kumathandizanso kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zinthu. Nanomatadium, monga nano-silicon ndi nano-carbon, imatha kusintha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a polyurethane elastomers. Ma Nanomaterials amawongolera mawonekedwe amakina komanso kukana zachilengedwe kwa zinthu powonjezera mphamvu zawo, kukana kuvala komanso kukana kukalamba.

 

 

Kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yokonzekera

Kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yokonzekera ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zowonjezera ntchito za polyurethane elastomers. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa polymer synthesis kwakhudza kwambiri kukonza kwa polyurethane elastomers. Njira zamakono zophatikizira polima, monga jekeseni wa jekeseni (RIM) ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa polymerization, zimatha kukwaniritsa kuwongolera bwino panthawi ya kaphatikizidwe, potero kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe ka maselo ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthuzo. Ukadaulo wopangira jakisoni wochitira jekeseni ukhoza kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga ndikukwaniritsa kufanana kwazinthu komanso kusasinthika panthawi yowumba mwa kusakaniza mwachangu polyether ndi isocyanate mopanikizika kwambiri ndikuzibaya mu nkhungu. Mkulu-anzanu polymerization luso akhoza kusintha kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu za zinthu ndi kusintha avale kukana ndi kukalamba kukana pochititsa polymerization zimachitikira pansi pa mavuto aakulu. Ukadaulo wowongoka komanso wowongolera ndiwofunikiranso kwambiri pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a polyurethane elastomers. Njira zachikhalidwe zomangira atolankhani otentha zasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wopangira jakisoni komanso umisiri wopangira ma extrusion. Njira zatsopanozi sizingangowonjezera luso la kupanga, komanso kukwaniritsa kuwongolera bwino kwambiri panthawi yowumba kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zili bwino komanso zimagwirira ntchito. Ukadaulo wopangira jakisoni utha kukwaniritsa kuumba bwino kwa mawonekedwe ovuta ndikuchepetsa zinyalala zakuthupi potenthetsa zida za polyurethane kukhala zosungunuka ndikuzibaya mu nkhungu. Extrusion akamaumba luso kutentha ndi kukakamiza polyurethane zakuthupi kunja extruder, kupanga mosalekeza n'kupanga machubu kudzera kuzirala ndi kulimba. Ndizoyenera kupanga zazikulu komanso kukonza makonda.

 

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers pakupanga komaliza

 

Zamlengalenga

Pankhani yazamlengalenga, ma polyurethane elastomers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zingapo zofunika, monga zisindikizo ndi zowumitsa mantha, chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri. The Azamlengalenga makampani ali ndi zofunika kwambiri wovuta pa ntchito ya zipangizo, amene makamaka monga mkulu kutentha kukana, kutopa kukana, mankhwala dzimbiri kukana, kuvala kukana, etc. ntchito wapamwamba wa polyurethane elastomers mu mbali izi zimapangitsa kukhala imodzi mwa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri pa zamlengalenga munda. Tengani zisindikizo mwachitsanzo. M'magalimoto amafuta am'galimoto zam'mlengalenga, zisindikizo zimafunika kusindikiza bwino kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika. Njira yamafuta yamagalimoto apamlengalenga nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuwononga media. Choncho, zisindikizo siziyenera kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuwononga mankhwala. Ma polyurethane elastomers, makamaka amphamvu kwambiri a polyurethanes omwe amachiritsidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, amakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira malo ogwira ntchito pamwamba pa 300 ° C. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, elasticity yabwino kwambiri ya polyurethane elastomers imawathandiza kuti azitha kudzaza malo osakhazikika ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa zisindikizo pakugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, zisindikizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumlengalenga wa NASA ndi malo okwerera mlengalenga amagwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers, omwe amawonetsa kusindikiza kwabwino kwambiri komanso kulimba m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Chinanso ndi ma shock absorbers. Muzamlengalenga, zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwapangidwe komanso kugwedezeka pazigawo zazikuluzikulu. Ma polyurethane elastomers amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito izi. Kutanuka kwawo kwabwino kwambiri komanso kuthekera kwabwino kwamayamwidwe amphamvu kumawathandiza kubisa bwino ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka, potero amateteza kapangidwe kake ndi zida zamagetsi zammlengalenga.

 

 Makampani opanga magalimoto apamwamba

M'makampani opanga magalimoto apamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito ma polyurethane elastomers kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi chitonthozo chagalimoto. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri mabuku, polyurethane elastomers chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zigawo zingapo kiyi wa magalimoto, kuphatikizapo machitidwe mantha mayamwidwe, zisindikizo, mbali mkati, etc. Kutenga absorbers mantha mu dongosolo kuyimitsidwa wa magalimoto apamwamba monga chitsanzo, ntchito ya polyurethane elastomers wakhala kwambiri bwino galimoto chitonthozo ndi kusamalira bata galimoto. Pakuyimitsidwa, ma polyurethane elastomers amayamwa bwino kukhudzidwa ndi kugwedezeka pamsewu ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa thupi lagalimoto chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo komanso kugwedezeka kwawo. Kuthamanga kwabwino kwambiri kwa nkhaniyi kumatsimikizira kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa galimotoyo kungathe kuyankha mofulumira pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsa galimoto ndikupereka kuyendetsa bwino komanso kosavuta. Makamaka mu zitsanzo zapamwamba zapamwamba, zotsekemera zogwira ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito polyurethane elastomers zimatha kupititsa patsogolo kuyenda bwino ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuyendetsa galimoto. M'magalimoto apamwamba kwambiri, machitidwe a zisindikizo amakhudza mwachindunji kutsekemera kwa phokoso, kutentha kwa kutentha ndi ntchito yamadzi ya galimoto. Ma polyurethane elastomers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazisindikizo za zitseko zamagalimoto ndi mazenera, zipinda zama injini ndi zonyamula pansi chifukwa cha kusindikiza kwawo bwino komanso kukana kwanyengo. Opanga magalimoto apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito polyurethane elastomers ngati zisindikizo zapakhomo kuti azitha kutulutsa phokoso lagalimoto ndikuchepetsa kulowerera kwa phokoso lakunja.